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Gulab Singh and the Battle of Jammu 1809

The year was 1808. The place, Jammu. Raja Jaid Singh was placed on the throne of Jammu to be its king, supported by the presence of Mian Mota Singh, the all-powerful kingmaker of Jammu. In this period of madness in the province of Jammu, one hoped that Jammu would witness a semblance of balance and stability being created. Jammu had been in a free fall following the death of Raja Brijraj Dev. Sampuran Singh, the successor, succumbed to smallpox, leading to the situation that a new successor had to be found desperately. In the scramble, the name of Jaid Singh came forward, and with Mian Mota Singh’s support, Jaid Singh ascended the throne. Raja Brijraj Dev of Jammu ( painting with San Diego Museum of Art) Contributing to the constant madness in Jammu were the Khalsa forces who would raid Jammu and pillage it constantly, devoiding it of its wealth. The 1783 pillage of Jammu remained afresh in the minds of the people and the aristocrats alike - for two months, one witnessed not a single ...
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Clearing the Air on 'Purchasing Kashmir'

Maharaja Gulab Singh (sourced from Wikipedia)
A lot of controversy goes into the questions about the Treaty of Amritsar and the role played by Maharaja Gulab Singh in taking over the province of Kashmir. One must certainly put into context the manner in which the state came into existence post the treaty to highlight a false notion that has always stuck to the ever false narrative peddled about it.

Contrary to what others believe, Maharaja Gulab Singh did not pay any sums to purchase Kashmir. There are several books that will point out that particular instance on the manner in which Kashmir came under Dogra rule. 1845 had seen the fight between the Sikh rulers of Punjab and the British East India Company. While it is fashionable to call Hindus villains, fact remains that a certain section of the Darbar had given the British the opportunity to declare war against the Lahore Darbar. Subsequent to their defeat in the first of the three Anglo-Sikh Wars, vakils were appointed on drawing up the terms of the surrender. It is here that Maharaja Gulab Singh comes into picture.

Gulab Singh was the Vakil of the Lahore Darbar in the entire event, and there has been much noise made about the treaty and it's terms. Let's get some facts straight hereon, so that certain misnomers can be corrected.

1.Treaty of Amritsar was part of the arrangement of the terms of defeat of the Lahore Darbar.

2. Initially, 1.5 core Nanakshahi rupees were to be paid. However, the Lahore Darbar expressed its inability to do so. Hence, 75 lakh Nanakshahi rupee were the indemnity that the Lahore Darbar finally had to pay to the British EIC. There was no purchase of the province of Kashmir.

Subsequently, it must be pointed out that the British deliberately took away land from the state of Punjab, particularly the Hill States, since it was noted that the Sikh empire should be kept under watch. It was not just Kashmir - entire region up to the boundary Beas, including the regions of Kangra, Nurpur, Chenab Valley, Chamba and Mandi that were taken away from the Darbar.




So why did the British EIC give up on the region? The British EIC officials realized a few hard truths about access to the region in general and the harshness of the terrain. Avoiding direct conflict with the Afghans and the possible encounter with the Russians was to be avoided at any cost. Hence, a decision was taken to give up some of that territory. Since only 75 lakhs could be arranged, Kangra and Nurpur were retained by the British as they served the boundary with the whittled Sikh empire and could provide easy access in times of war. The more inaccessible regions, Chamba, Chenab Valley and even several parts of Mandi were essentially handed to Maharaja Gulab Singh for management, who was still in the service of the Lahore Durbar for management as his fee for the vakalat.


Another thing to add - while all of this was ongoing, Ladakh had already been annexed by the Dogras, under the general ship of Zorawar Singh, who would go on to invade Tibet in a legendary but disastrous campaign.

And that is how a large part of the Jammu and Kashmir as was known came into being.

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