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Gulab Singh and the Battle of Jammu 1809

The year was 1808. The place, Jammu. Raja Jaid Singh was placed on the throne of Jammu to be its king, supported by the presence of Mian Mota Singh, the all-powerful kingmaker of Jammu. In this period of madness in the province of Jammu, one hoped that Jammu would witness a semblance of balance and stability being created. Jammu had been in a free fall following the death of Raja Brijraj Dev. Sampuran Singh, the successor, succumbed to smallpox, leading to the situation that a new successor had to be found desperately. In the scramble, the name of Jaid Singh came forward, and with Mian Mota Singh’s support, Jaid Singh ascended the throne. Raja Brijraj Dev of Jammu ( painting with San Diego Museum of Art) Contributing to the constant madness in Jammu were the Khalsa forces who would raid Jammu and pillage it constantly, devoiding it of its wealth. The 1783 pillage of Jammu remained afresh in the minds of the people and the aristocrats alike - for two months, one witnessed not a single ...
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The Man Who Fought the Barbarian Timur

Panchvaktar Temple of Jammu (Courtesy Amar Ujala)


Raja Mal Dev of Jammu of the Dev Dynasty was perhaps one of the greatest rulers of Jammu. At the time of his ascension to the throne, there was a dramatic shift in the geopolitics of North-west India. The Tughlaq control on the throne of Delhi had weakened considerably, and in any case times were difficult for the native Hindus of the region in general. In such a scenario, Timur , the slaughterer, has turned up in India, attracted by the riches and his desire to be called the greatest general. Having created a mountain of "kafir" Hindu skulls in Delhi, he had gone towards Haridwar, causing further chaos and bloodshed there as well of the pilgrims who had come to take a dip in the Ganga.

Ascending the throne in 1347 AD, Mal Dev had succeeded Jodh Dev, and was noted for good physical prowess, especially his ability to carry huge boulders upwards from the Tawi River basin. His rule actually saw the twenty two principalities in and around Jammu brought under a single umbrella, including even areas like Bhimber and Pathankot.

Timur had essentially decided to return from Haridwar via Jammu, causing mayhem all the way as was typical of barbarians like him. At Mansar, he had already crushed the local population's resistance. Knowing his presence, Mal Dev in fact prepared for battle with Timur's forces. Having hidden the women and children, he prepared atop a hill in Jammu, and when Timur! and his forces were passing through, attacked from atop in 1399. However, smart manoeuvering on part of Timur meant that Mal Dev and his forces ended up coming downhill, and got caught between two flanks of his forces. In the battle subsequently, several top officials died, and even Mal Dev was captured. He was later released by Timur. This was at the fag end of his life, and subsequent to his release and Timur's exit, he restored order in Jammu before passing away around 1399 itself.

Mal Dev's period was also a cultural high point for Jammu, when the city was reestablished as the capital in 1361. Purani Mandi buildings are mostly attributed to his patronage, including the famous Panchvaktar temple. As the Master Plan of Jammu 2032 states,

Panchvaktar (five faces) Mahadev Mandir (temple) occupies a unique place, in Jammu. Locally known as Paise Wala Mandir, the floor of the main temple is embedded with silver coins. It is one of the oldest Shivalya in the city. Old tales and oral histories state that Adi Shankryacharya visited this site and stayed there; while some believe that it was discovered much later, during the reign of Raja Mal Dev, in early 14th century. The Lingam in this temple is self-manifested (Aap Shambu).

It's a pity that the wider audience of history know so less about him. Perhaps one of the few Rajas who actually challenged the barbarian in North India.

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